| Introduction - Oman: |
| Country | Oman |
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| Background | The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered on Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, a newly established sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Omans dependence on British political and military advisors increased, but it never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said al-Said overthrew the restrictive rule of his father; he has ruled as sultan ever since. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world while preserving the longstanding close ties with the UK. Omans moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries. |
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| Location - Oman: |
| Location | Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE |
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| Geographic coordinates | 21 00 N, 57 00 E |
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| Map references | Middle East |
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| Area | total: 212,460 sq km
land: 212,460 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
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| Area comparative | slightly smaller than Kansas |
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| Land boundaries | total: 1,374 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km |
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| Coastline | 2,092 km |
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| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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| Climate | dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south |
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| Terrain | central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south |
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| Elevation extremes | lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m |
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| Natural resources | petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas |
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| Land use | arable land: 0.12%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 99.74% (2005) |
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| Irrigated land | 720 sq km (2003) |
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| Natural hazards | summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts |
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| Environment current issues | rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very limited natural fresh water resources |
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| Environment international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| Geography note | strategic location on Musandam Peninsula adjacent to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil |
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| People - Oman: |
| Population | 3,204,897
note: includes 577,293 non-nationals (July 2007 est.) |
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| Age structure | 0-14 years: 42.7% (male 698,461/female 670,793)
15-64 years: 54.6% (male 1,026,686/female 723,712)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 47,534/female 37,711) (2007 est.) |
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| Median age | total: 18.9 years
male: 21.5 years
female: 16.5 years (2007 est.) |
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| Population growth rate | 3.234% (2007 est.) |
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| Birth rate | 35.76 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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| Death rate | 3.78 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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| Net migration rate | 0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
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| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.041 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.419 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.26 male(s)/female
total population: 1.238 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
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| Infant mortality rate | total: 18.28 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.96 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
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| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 73.62 years
male: 71.37 years
female: 75.99 years (2007 est.) |
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| Total fertility rate | 5.7 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
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| Hiv aids adult prevalence rate | 0.1% (2001 est.) |
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| Hiv aids people living with hiv aids | 1,300 (2001 est.) |
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| Hiv aids deaths | less than 200 (2003 est.) |
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| Nationality | noun: Omani(s)
adjective: Omani |
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| Ethnic groups | Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African |
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| Religions | Ibadhi Muslim 75%, other (includes Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, Hindu) 25% |
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| Languages | Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects |
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| Literacy | definition: NA
total population: 81.4%
male: 86.8%
female: 73.5% (2003 est.) |
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| Government - Oman: |
| Country name | conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Muscat and Oman |
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| Government type | monarchy |
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| Capital | name: Muscat
geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
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| Administrative divisions | 5 regions (manatiq, singular - mintaqat) and 4 governorates* (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat) Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Batinah, Al Buraymi*, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Az Zahirah, Masqat*, Musandam*, Zufar (Dhofar)* |
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| Independence | 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese) |
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| National holiday | Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940) |
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| Constitution | none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens |
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| Legal system | based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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| Suffrage | 21 years of age; universal; note - members of the military and security forces are not allowed to vote |
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| Executive branch | chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said al-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July 1972); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said al-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July 1972)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary |
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| Legislative branch | bicameral Majlis Oman consists of Majlis al-Dawla (or upper chamber) (58 seats; members appointed by the monarch; has advisory powers only) and Majlis al-Shura (or lower chamber)(84 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms; body has some limited power to propose legislation, but otherwise has only advisory powers)
elections: last held 4 October 2003 (next to be held in October 2007)
election results: NA |
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| Judicial branch | Supreme Court
note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has judges who practice secular and Sharia law |
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| Political parties and leaders | none |
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| Political pressure groups and leaders | none |
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| International organization participation | ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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| Diplomatic representation in the us | chief of mission: Ambassador Hunaina bint Sultan bin Ahmad al-MUGHAIRI
chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980 through 1981, 1988
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933 |
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| Diplomatic representation from the us | chief of mission: Ambassador Gary A. GRAPPO
embassy: Jameat ADuwal Al Arabiya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat
mailing address: P. O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
telephone: [968] 24-698989
FAX: [968] 24-699771 |
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| Flag description | three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band |
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| Economy - Oman: |
| Economy overview | Oman is a middle-income economy in the Middle East with notable oil and gas resources, a substantial trade surplus, and low inflation. Sustained high oil prices in recent years have helped build Omans budget and trade surpluses and foreign reserves. Oman joined the World Trade Organization in November 2000 and continues to liberalize its markets. It ratified a free trade agreement with the US in September 2006 and, through the Gulf Cooperation Council, seeks similar agreements with the EU, China and Japan. To reduce unemployment and limit dependence on foreign labor, the government is encouraging the replacement of foreign expatriate workers with local workers. Oman actively seeks private foreign investors, especially in the industrial, information technology, tourism, and higher education fields. Industrial development plans focus on gas resources, metal manufacturing, petrochemicals, and international transshipment ports. |
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| Gdp purchasing power parity | $44.53 billion (2006 est.) |
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| Gdp official exchange rate | $27.25 billion (2006 est.) |
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| Gdp real growth rate | 6.6% (2006 est.) |
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| Gdp per capita ppp | $14,400 (2006 est.) |
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| Gdp composition by sector | agriculture: 2.6%
industry: 38.8%
services: 58.7% (2006 est.) |
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| Labor force | 920,000 (2002 est.) |
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| Labor force by occupation | agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA% |
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| Unemployment rate | 15% (2004 est.) |
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| Population below poverty line | NA% |
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| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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| Inflation rate consumer prices | 3% (2006 est.) |
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| Investment gross fixed | 14.2% of GDP (2006 est.) |
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| Budget | revenues: $14.33 billion
expenditures: $12.81 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) |
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| Public debt | 4.5% of GDP (2006 est.) |
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| Agriculture products | dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables; camels, cattle; fish |
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| Industries | crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber |
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| Industrial production growth rate | 5.9% (2006 est.) |
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| Electricity production | 14.33 billion kWh (2004) |
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| Electricity consumption | 13.33 billion kWh (2004) |
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| Electricity exports | 0 kWh (2004) |
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| Electricity imports | 0 kWh (2004) |
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| Oil production | 740,000 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
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| Oil consumption | 60,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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| Oil exports | 733,100 bbl/day (2004) |
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| Oil imports | NA bbl/day |
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| Oil proved reserves | 4.7 billion bbl (2006 est.) |
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| Natural gas production | 17.2 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
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| Natural gas consumption | 6.77 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
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| Natural gas exports | 10.43 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
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| Natural gas imports | 0 cu m (2004 est.) |
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| Natural gas proved reserves | 829.1 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.) |
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| Current account balance | $7.097 billion (2006 est.) |
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| Exports | $24.73 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
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| Exports commodities | petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles |
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| Exports partners | China 23.7%, South Korea 18%, Japan 10.9%, Thailand 10.7%, South Africa 7.7%, UAE 6.3% (2006) |
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| Imports | $10.29 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
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| Imports commodities | machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants |
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| Imports partners | UAE 22.4%, Japan 16.4%, US 8.1%, Germany 5.4%, India 4.3% (2006) |
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| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $4.908 billion (2006 est.) |
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| Debt external | $4.259 billion (2006 est.) |
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| Economic aid recipient | $76.4 million (1995) |
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| Currency code | Omani rial (OMR) |
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| Exchange rates | Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2006), 0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002) |
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| Communications - Oman: |
| Fiscal year | calendar year |
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| Telephones main lines in use | 278,300 (2006) |
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| Telephones mobile cellular | 1.818 million (2006) |
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| Telephone system | general assessment: modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited coaxial cable
domestic: open-wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and a domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations
international: country code - 968; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat |
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| Radio broadcast stations | AM 3, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999) |
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| Television broadcast stations | 13 (plus 25 repeaters) (1999) |
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| Internet country code | .om |
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| Internet hosts | 3,555 (2006) |
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| Internet users | 319,200 (2006) |
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| Transportation - Oman: |
| Airports | 137 (2006) |
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| Airports with paved runways | total: 6
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006) |
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| Airports with unpaved runways | total: 131
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 52
914 to 1,523 m: 35
under 914 m: 35 (2006) |
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| Heliports | 1 (2006) |
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| Pipelines | gas 4,072 km; oil 3,405 km (2006) |
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| Roadways | total: 34,965 km
paved: 9,673 km (includes 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,292 km (2001) |
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| Merchant marine | total: 1 ship (1000 GRT or over) 10,797 GRT/5,040 DWT
by type: passenger 1
registered in other countries: 2 (Kazakhstan 2) (2006) |
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| Ports and terminals | Mina Qabus, Salalah |
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| Military - Oman: |
| Military branches | Royal Omani Armed Forces: Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of Oman, Royal Air Force of Oman (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Sultanat Oman, RAFO) (2006) |
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| Military service age and obligation | 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001) |
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| Manpower available for military service | males age 18-49: 719,871
females age 18-49: 508,621 (2005 est.) |
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| Manpower fit for military service | males age 18-49: 581,444
females age 18-49: 435,107 (2005 est.) |
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| Manpower reaching military service age annually | males age 18-49: 26,391
females age 18-49: 25,466 (2005 est.) |
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| Military expenditures percent of gdp | 11.4% (2005 est.) |
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| Disputes international | boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including Omans Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been made public |
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This page was last updated on 16 September, 2007
