Fiji

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Introduction - Fiji:
Country	Fiji


Background	Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly a century as a British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). The coups and a 1990 constitution that cemented native Melanesian control of Fiji, led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. A new constitution enacted in 1997 was more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a civilian-led coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001 provided Fiji with a democratically elected government led by Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE. Re-elected in May 2006, QARASE was ousted in a December 2006 military coup led by Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA, who initially appointed himself acting president. In January 2007, BAINIMARAMA was appointed interim prime minister.


Location - Fiji:
Location	Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates	18 00 S, 175 00 E

Map references	Oceania

Area	total: 18,270 sq km land: 18,270 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area comparative	slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries	0 km

Coastline	1,129 km

Maritime claims	measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added

Climate	tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Terrain	mostly mountains of volcanic origin

Elevation extremes	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

Natural resources	timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower

Land use	arable land: 10.95% permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.4% (2005)

Irrigated land	30 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards	cyclonic storms can occur from November to January

Environment current issues	deforestation; soil erosion

Environment international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography note	includes 332 islands; approximately 110 are inhabited

People - Fiji:
Population	918,675 (July 2007 est.)

Age structure	0-14 years: 30.9% (male 144,665/female 138,816) 15-64 years: 64.7% (male 297,709/female 296,897) 65 years and over: 4.4% (male 18,397/female 22,191) (2007 est.)

Median age	total: 24.9 years male: 24.4 years female: 25.4 years (2007 est.)

Population growth rate	1.394% (2007 est.)

Birth rate	22.37 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate	5.66 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate	-2.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.042 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.003 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.829 male(s)/female total population: 1.006 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate	total: 11.99 deaths/1,000 live births male: 13.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 10.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth	total population: 70.12 years male: 67.6 years female: 72.76 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate	2.7 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	0.1% (2003 est.)

Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	600 (2003 est.)

Hiv aids deaths	less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality	noun: Fijian(s) adjective: Fijian

Ethnic groups	Fijian 54.8% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indian 37.4%, other 7.9% (European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2005 estimate)

Religions	Christian 53% (Methodist 34.5%, Roman Catholic 7.2%, Assembly of God 3.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 2.6%, other 4.9%), Hindu 34% (Sanatan 25%, Arya Samaj 1.2%, other 7.8%), Muslim 7% (Sunni 4.2%. other 2.8%), other or unspecified 5.6%, none 0.3% (1996 census)

Languages	English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani

Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.7% male: 95.5% female: 91.9% (2003 est.)

Government - Fiji:
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands conventional short form: Fiji local long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands/Matanitu ko Viti local short form: Fiji/Viti

Government type	republic

Capital	name: Suva (on Viti Levu) geographic coordinates: 18 08 S, 178 25 E time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions	4 divisions and 1 dependency; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma, Western

Independence	10 October 1970 (from UK)

National holiday	Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

Constitution	enacted on 25 July 1997 to encourage multiculturalism and make multiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998

Legal system	based on British system

Suffrage	21 years of age; universal

Executive branch	chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda (since 18 July 2000); note - ILOILOVATU was reaffirmed as president by the Great Council of Chiefs in a statement issued on 22 December, and reappointed by the coup leader Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA in January 2007 head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10 September 2000); note - although QARASE is still the legal prime minister, he has been confined to his home island; the president appointed Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA interim prime minister under the military regime cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - coup leader Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA has appointed an interim cabinet elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president; election last held 8 March 2006 election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA

Legislative branch	bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (32 seats; 14 appointed by the president on the advice of the Great Council of Chiefs, 9 appointed by the president on the advice of the Prime Minister, 8 on the advice of the Opposition Leader, and 1 appointed on the advice of the council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, 3 reserved for other ethnic groups, 1 reserved for the council of Rotuma constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open seats; members serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 6-13 May 2006 (next to be held in 2011) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - SDL 44.6%, FLP 39.2%, UPP 0.8%, independents 4.9%, other 10.5%; seats by party - SDL 36, FLP 31, UPP 2, independents 2

Judicial branch	Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeal; High Court; Magistrates Courts

Political parties and leaders	Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic Party or FDP [Filipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or FAP, Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Sitiveni RABUKA], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Ofa SWANN]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; General Voters Party or GVP (became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or GHP; Justice and Freedom Party or AIM; Lio On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR; National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE]; Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of National Unity or PANU [Ponipate LESAVUA]; Party of the Truth or POTT; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United Peoples Party or UPP [Millis Mick BEDDOES]

Political pressure groups and leaders	NA

International organization participation	ACP, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires Penijamini R. LOMALOMA chancery: 2000 M Street, NW, Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 466-8320 FAX: [1] (202) 466-8325

Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Larry Miles DINGER embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva telephone: [679] 331-4466 FAX: [679] 330-0081

Flag description	light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove

Economy - Fiji:
Economy overview	Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though still with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports, remittances from Fijians working abroad, and a growing tourist industry - with 300,000 to 400,000 tourists annually - are the major sources of foreign exchange. Fijis sugar has special access to European Union markets, but will be harmed by the EUs decision to cut sugar subsidies. Sugar processing makes up one-third of industrial activity but is not efficient. Fijis tourism industry was damaged by the 2006 coup and is facing an uncertain recovery time. Long-term problems include low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the governments inability to manage its budget. Overseas remittances from Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have increased significantly.

Gdp purchasing power parity	$5.594 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate	$2.045 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp real growth rate	3.1% (2006 est.)

Gdp per capita ppp	$6,200 (2006 est.)

Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 8.9% industry: 13.5% services: 77.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force	137,000 (1999)

Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 70% industry and services: 30% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate	7.6% (1999)

Population below poverty line	25.5% (FY90/91)

Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate consumer prices	3% (2005)

Budget	revenues: $720.5 million expenditures: $728.3 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005)

Agriculture products	sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish

Industries	tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small cottage industries

Industrial production growth rate	NA%

Electricity production	817 million kWh (2004)

Electricity consumption	759.8 million kWh (2004)

Electricity exports	0 kWh (2004)

Electricity imports	0 kWh (2004)

Oil production	0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil consumption	10,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil exports	NA bbl/day

Oil imports	NA bbl/day

Oil proved reserves	0 bbl

Natural gas production	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas consumption	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Current account balance	-$465.8 million (2006 est.)

Exports	$719.6 million f.o.b. (2005)

Exports commodities	sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil

Exports partners	US 16.8%, Australia 13.9%, UK 13.5%, Japan 5.3%, Samoa 4.7%, Tonga 4.1% (2006)

Imports	$1.462 billion c.i.f. (2005)

Imports commodities	manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, food, chemicals

Imports partners	Singapore 28.9%, Australia 23.4%, NZ 16.9%, China 4.7% (2006)

Debt external	$127 million (2004 est.)

Economic aid recipient	$63.9 million (2004)

Currency code	Fijian dollar (FJD)

Exchange rates	Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.7313 (2006), 1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002)

Communications - Fiji:
Fiscal year	calendar year

Telephones main lines in use	112,500 (2005)

Telephones mobile cellular	205,000 (2005)

Telephone system	general assessment: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications center domestic: NA international: country code - 679; access to important cable links between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite earth stations - 2 INMARSAT (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations	AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)

Television broadcast stations	NA

Internet country code	.fj

Internet hosts	8,987 (2006)

Internet users	80,000 (2006)

Transportation - Fiji:
Airports	28 (2006)

Airports with paved runways	total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways	total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 18 (2006)

Railways	total: 597 km narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used to haul sugarcane during harvest season (May to December) (2006)

Roadways	total: 3,440 km paved: 1,692 km unpaved: 1,748 km (1999)

Waterways	203 km note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges (2006)

Merchant marine	total: 7 ships (1000 GRT or over) 15,867 GRT/8,432 DWT by type: passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2 foreign-owned: 1 (Australia 1) (2006)

Ports and terminals	Lambasa, Lautoka, Suva

Military - Fiji:
Military branches	Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Forces, Naval Forces (2006)

Military service age and obligation	18 years of age for voluntary military service; reserve obligation to age 45 (2006)

Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 215,104 females age 18-49: 212,739 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service	males age 18-49: 163,960 females age 18-49: 178,714 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 9,266 females age 18-49: 8,916 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures percent of gdp	2.2% (2005 est.)