Eritrea

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Introduction - Eritrea:

Country

Eritrea

Background

Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopias annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea currently hosts a UN peacekeeping operation that is monitoring a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone on the border with Ethiopia. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. In November 2006, the international commission informed Eritrea and Ethiopia they had one year to demarcate the border or the border demarcation would be based on coordinates.

Location - Eritrea:

Location

Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 39 00 E

Map references

Africa

Area

total: 121,320 sq km
land: 121,320 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area comparative

slightly larger than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries

total: 1,626 km
border countries: Djibouti 109 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km

Coastline

2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate

hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands

Terrain

dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains

Elevation extremes

lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75 m
highest point: Soira 3,018 m

Natural resources

gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish

Land use

arable land: 4.78%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 95.19% (2005)

Irrigated land

210 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards

frequent droughts; locust swarms

Environment current issues

deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare

Environment international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography note

strategic geopolitical position along worlds busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993

People - Eritrea:

Population

4,906,585 (July 2007 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 43.5% (male 1,073,404/female 1,060,674)
15-64 years: 52.9% (male 1,286,613/female 1,310,294)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 85,052/female 90,548) (2007 est.)

Median age

total: 17.9 years
male: 17.7 years
female: 18.2 years (2007 est.)

Population growth rate

2.461% (2007 est.)

Birth rate

33.97 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate

9.36 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.012 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.982 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.939 male(s)/female
total population: 0.993 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 45.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 51.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 39.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 59.55 years
male: 57.88 years
female: 61.28 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.96 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Hiv aids adult prevalence rate

2.7% (2003 est.)

Hiv aids people living with hiv aids

60,000 (2003 est.)

Hiv aids deaths

6,300 (2003 est.)

Nationality

noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations (2007)

Ethnic groups

Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%

Religions

Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant

Languages

Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58.6%
male: 69.9%
female: 47.6% (2003 est.)

Government - Eritrea:

Country name

conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia

Government type

transitional government
note: following a successful referendum on independence for the Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National Assembly, composed entirely of the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a constitution; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the transitional legislature; the constitution, ratified in May 1997, did not enter into effect, pending parliamentary and presidential elections; parliamentary elections were scheduled in December 2001, but were postponed indefinitely; currently the sole legal party is the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ)

Capital

name: Asmara (Asmera)
geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions

6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); Anseba, Debub (Southern), Debubawi Keyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash Barka, Maakel (Central), Semenawi Keyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)

Independence

24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)

National holiday

Independence Day, 24 May (1993)

Constitution

a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented

Legal system

primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957, with revisions; new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been promulgated; government also issues unilateral proclamations setting laws and policies; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Islamic law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993)
cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority; members appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); the most recent and only election held 8 June 1993 (next election date uncertain as the National Assembly did not hold a presidential election in December 2001 as anticipated)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%, other 5%

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly, which had been established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the countrys legislative body until countrywide elections to a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely

Judicial branch

High Court - regional, subregional, and village courts; also have military and special courts

Political parties and leaders

Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS Afworki] (the only party recognized by the government); note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or voted on it

Political pressure groups and leaders

Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ (also including Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM (also known as the Abu Sihel Movement)); Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement); Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru]; Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]; Eritrean Democratic Party (EDP) [HAGOS, Mesfin]

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the us

chief of mission: Ambassador GHIRMAI Ghebremariam
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
consulate(s) general: Oakland (California)

Diplomatic representation from the us

chief of mission: Ambassador Scott H. DELISI
embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara
mailing address: P. O. Box 211, Asmara
telephone: [291] (1) 120004
FAX: [291] (1) 127584

Flag description

red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle

Economy - Eritrea:

Economy overview

Since independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country, accentuated by the recent implementation of restrictive economic policies. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Like the economies of many African nations, the economy is largely based on subsistence agriculture, with 80% of the population involved in farming and herding. The Ethiopian-Eritrea war in 1998-2000 severely hurt Eritreas economy. GDP growth fell to zero in 1999 and to -12.1% in 2000. The May 2000 Ethiopian offensive into northern Eritrea caused some $600 million in property damage and loss, including losses of $225 million in livestock and 55,000 homes. The attack prevented planting of crops in Eritreas most productive region, causing food production to drop by 62%. Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure, asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges. Since the war ended, the government has maintained a firm grip on the economy, expanding the use of the military and party-owned businesses to complete Eritreas development agenda. In January 2005, the government essentially banned all imports. The government strictly controls the use of foreign currency, limiting access and availability. Few private enterprises remain in Eritrea. Eritreas economy is heavily dependent on taxes paid by members of the diaspora. Erratic rainfall and the delayed demobilization of agriculturalists from the military continue to interfere with agricultural production, and Eritreas recent harvests have not been able to meet the food needs of the country. Eritreas economic future depends upon its ability to master social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, and low skills, and more importantly, on the governments willingness to support a true market economy.

Gdp purchasing power parity

$4.751 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate

$1.244 billion (2005 est.)

Gdp real growth rate

2% (2005 est.)

Gdp per capita ppp

$1,000 (2005 est.)

Gdp composition by sector

agriculture: 9.9%
industry: 25.4%
services: 64.6% (2006 est.)

Labor force

NA

Labor force by occupation

agriculture: 80%
industry and services: 20%

Unemployment rate

NA%

Population below poverty line

50% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate consumer prices

14% (2006 est.)

Investment gross fixed

24.5% of GDP (2006 est.)

Budget

revenues: $257.6 million
expenditures: $424 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)

Agriculture products

sorghum, lentils, vegetables, corn, cotton, tobacco, sisal; livestock, goats; fish

Industries

food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Electricity production

276.1 million kWh (2004)

Electricity consumption

256.7 million kWh (2004)

Electricity exports

0 kWh (2004)

Electricity imports

0 kWh (2004)

Oil production

0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil consumption

5,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil exports

NA bbl/day

Oil imports

NA bbl/day

Oil proved reserves

0 bbl

Natural gas production

0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas consumption

0 cu m (2004 est.)

Current account balance

-$440.5 million (2006 est.)

Exports

$17.65 million f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports commodities

livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures (2000)

Exports partners

Italy 31.4%, US 11.9%, Belarus 5.9%, France 5.1%, Germany 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, UK 4% (2006)

Imports

$701.8 million f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports commodities

machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods

Imports partners

Italy 15.1%, France 11.8%, US 9.5%, Germany 8.6%, Taiwan 7.3%, India 7%, Ireland 6.1%, Turkey 4.4%, Jordan 4.2% (2006)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$30.6 million (2006 est.)

Debt external

$311 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid recipient

$77 million (1999)

Currency code

nakfa (ERN)

Exchange rates

nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.4 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003), 13.958 (2002)
note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar

Communications - Eritrea:

Fiscal year

calendar year

Telephones main lines in use

37,700 (2006)

Telephones mobile cellular

62,000 (2006)

Telephone system

general assessment: inadequate
domestic: inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government is seeking international tenders to improve the system (2002)
international: country code - 291; note - international connections exist

Radio broadcast stations

AM 2, FM NA, shortwave 2 (2000)

Television broadcast stations

2 (2006)

Internet country code

.er

Internet hosts

1,088 (2006)

Internet users

100,000 (2006)

Transportation - Eritrea:

Airports

17 (2006)

Airports with paved runways

total: 4
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways

total: 13
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2006)

Railways

total: 306 km
narrow gauge: 306 km 0.950-m gauge (2006)

Roadways

total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (1999)

Merchant marine

total: 6 ships (1000 GRT or over) 19,506 GRT/23,649 DWT
by type: cargo 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2006)

Ports and terminals

Assab, Massawa

Military - Eritrea:

Military branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service; 16-month conscript service obligation (2004)

Manpower available for military service

males age 18-49: 893,361
females age 18-49: 891,662 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 18-49: 555,553
females age 18-49: 562,426 (2005)

Manpower reaching military service age annually

males age 18-49: 50,156
females age 18-49: 49,746 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures percent of gdp

6.3% (2006 est.)

Disputes international

Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commissions (EEBC) delimitation decision but, neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), which has monitored the 25-km-wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000, is extended for six months in 2007 despite Eritrean restrictions on its operations and reduced force of 17,000; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups

This page was last updated on 16 September, 2007
Source: CIA >>>


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