Armenia

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Introduction - Armenia:
CountryArmenia
BackgroundArmenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, Ottoman Turkey instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in an estimated 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Muslim Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey imposed an economic blockade on Armenia and closed the common border because of the Armenian occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas.
Location - Armenia:
LocationSouthwestern Asia, east of Turkey
Geographic coordinates40 00 N, 45 00 E
Map referencesAsia
Areatotal: 29,800 sq km
land: 28,400 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km
Area comparativeslightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundariestotal: 1,254 km
border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km
Coastline0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claimsnone (landlocked)
Climatehighland continental, hot summers, cold winters
TerrainArmenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
Elevation extremeslowest point: Debed River 400 m
highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat 4,090 m
Natural resourcessmall deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite
Land usearable land: 16.78%
permanent crops: 2.01%
other: 81.21% (2005)
Irrigated land2,860 sq km (2003)
Natural hazardsoccasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
Environment current issuessoil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone
Environment international agreementsparty to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Geography notelandlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range
People - Armenia:
Population2,971,650 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure0-14 years: 19.5% (male 307,610/female 271,381)
15-64 years: 69.3% (male 962,126/female 1,098,192)
65 years and over: 11.2% (male 132,705/female 199,636) (2007 est.)
Median agetotal: 30.8 years
male: 28.1 years
female: 33.6 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate-0.129% (2007 est.)
Birth rate12.34 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate8.29 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate-5.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratioat birth: 1.16 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.133 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.876 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.665 male(s)/female
total population: 0.894 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality ratetotal: 21.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.69 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birthtotal population: 72.12 years
male: 68.52 years
female: 76.29 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate1.34 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Hiv aids adult prevalence rate0.1% (2003 est.)
Hiv aids people living with hiv aids2,600 (2003 est.)
Hiv aids deathsless than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationalitynoun: Armenian(s)
adjective: Armenian
Ethnic groupsArmenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3% (2001 census)
ReligionsArmenian Apostolic 94.7%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi (monotheist with elements of nature worship) 1.3%
LanguagesArmenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census)
Literacydefinition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2% (2001 census)
Government - Armenia:
Country nameconventional long form: Republic of Armenia
conventional short form: Armenia
local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetutyun
local short form: Hayastan
former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic
Government typerepublic
Capitalname: Yerevan
geographic coordinates: 40 10 N, 44 30 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Gegharkunik, Kotayk, Lorri, Shirak, Syunik, Tavush, Vayots Dzor, Yerevan
Independence21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holidayIndependence Day, 21 September (1991)
Constitutionadopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Legal systembased on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage18 years of age; universal
Executive branchchief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Serzh SARGSYAN (since 4 April 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed with the majority support of the National Assembly; the prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%
Legislative branchunicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; members elected by popular vote, 90 members elected by party list and 41 by direct vote; to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 12 May 2007 (next to be held in the spring of 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - HHK 32.8%, Prosperous Armenia 14.7%, ARF (Dashnak) 12.7%, Rule of Law 6.8%, Heritage Party 5.8%, other 27.2%; seats by party - HHK 69, Prosperous Armenia 24, ARF (Dashnak) 16, Rule of Law 9, Heritage Party 7, Dashink 1, independent 5
Judicial branchConstitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)
Political parties and leadersAgro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALYAN]; Armenia Party (Hayastan) [Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Artashes ZURABYAN]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK [Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Dashink [Gen. Samvel Babayan]; Democratic Party [Aram SARKISYAN]; Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISYAN]; Justice Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN] (comprised of the Democratic Party, National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, the Peoples Party, and the Republic Party); National Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National Revival Party [Albert BAZEYAN]; National Unity Party [Artashes GEGHAMYAN]; Peoples Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Prosperous Armenia [Gagik TSAROUKYAN]; Republic Party [Aram SARKISYAN]; Republican Party of Armenia or HHK [Serzh SARGSYAN]; Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGHDASARYAN]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENYAN]
Political pressure groups and leadersYerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]
International organization participationACCT (observer), AsDB, BSEC, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the uschief of mission: Ambassador Tatoul MARKARIAN
chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976
FAX: [1] (202) 319-2982
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
Diplomatic representation from the uschief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires Anthony F. GODFREY
embassy: 1 American Ave., Yerevan 375082
mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, US Department of State, 7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020
telephone: [374](10) 464-700
FAX: [374](10) 464-742
Flag descriptionthree equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange
Economy - Armenia:
Economy overviewUnder the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Since the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale agriculture away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. The agricultural sector has long-term needs for more investment and updated technology. The privatization of industry has been at a slower pace, but has been given renewed emphasis by the current administration. Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral deposits (copper, gold, bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. By 1994, however, the Armenian Government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates in 1995-2006. Armenia has managed to slash inflation, stabilize its currency, and privatize most small- and medium-sized enterprises. Despite strong economic growth, Armenias unemployment rate remains high. Nuclear power plants built at Metsamor eliminated the chronic energy shortages Armenia suffered in the early and mid-1990s, but those plants are under international pressure to close. Armenia is now a net energy exporter, although it does not have sufficient generating capacity to replace Metsamor. Construction of a natural gas pipeline between Iran and Armenia has been completed and it is scheduled to be commissioned by April 2007. Economic ties with Russia remain close, especially in the energy sector. The electricity distribution system was privatized in 2002 and bought by Russias RAO-UES in 2005. Armenias severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid, remittances from Armenians working abroad, and foreign direct investment. Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. The government made some improvements in tax and customs administration in 2005, but anti-corruption measures will be more difficult to implement. Investment in the construction and industrial sectors is expected to continue in 2007 and will help to ensure annual average real GDP growth of more than 10%.
Gdp purchasing power parity $16.94 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp official exchange rate $6.6 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp real growth rate13.4% (2006 est.)
Gdp per capita ppp $5,700 (2006 est.)
Gdp composition by sectoragriculture: 17.7%
industry: 42%
services: 40.3% (January-November 2006 est.)
Labor force1.2 million (November 2006)
Labor force by occupationagriculture: 45%
industry: 25%
services: 30% (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate7.4% (November 2006 est.)
Population below poverty line34.6% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 41.3% (2004)
Distribution of family income gini index41 (2004)
Inflation rate consumer prices 2.9% (2006 est.)
Investment gross fixed 20.9% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budgetrevenues: $1.3 billion
expenditures: $1.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (FY07 est.)
Agriculture productsfruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock
Industriesdiamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy
Industrial production growth rate-1.2% (2006 est.)
Electricity production6.317 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity consumption4.374 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity exports1.012 billion kWh; note - exports an unknown quantity to Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan (2004)
Electricity imports260 million kWh; note - imports an unknown quantity from Iran (2004)
Oil production0 bbl/day (2005)
Oil consumption41,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil exportsNA bbl/day
Oil importsNA bbl/day
Oil proved reserves0 bbl
Natural gas production0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas consumption1.33 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas exports0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas imports1.33 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Current account balance-$247.3 million (January-September 2006 est.)
Exports$1.056 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports commoditiesdiamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy
Exports partnersGermany 16.9%, Netherlands 12.6%, Belgium 12.4%, Russia 12.2%, Georgia 7.5%, Israel 6.6%, US 5.7%, Switzerland 5.2%, Iran 4.6% (2006)
Imports$1.684 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports commoditiesnatural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds
Imports partnersRussia 20.6%, Ukraine 7.4%, Belgium 7.2%, Turkmenistan 6.7%, Italy 5.8%, Germany 5.4%, Iran 5.4%, Israel 4.5%, Romania 4.5%, US 4.2% (2006)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold$880.8 million (September 2006 est.)
Debt external$1.16 billion (30 September 2006)
Economic aid recipientODA, $254 million (2004)
Currency code dram (AMD)
Exchange ratesdrams per US dollar - 414.69 (2006), 457.69 (2005), 533.45 (2004), 578.76 (2003), 573.35 (2002)
Communications - Armenia:
Fiscal yearcalendar year
Telephones main lines in use594,400 (2005)
Telephones mobile cellular318,000 (2005)
Telephone systemgeneral assessment: system inadequate; now 90% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion
domestic: the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)
international: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2005)
Radio broadcast stationsAM 9, FM 16, shortwave 1 (2006)
Television broadcast stations48 (private television stations alongside 2 public networks; major Russian channels widely available) (2006)
Internet country code.am
Internet hosts8,163 (2006)
Internet users172,800 (2006)
Transportation - Armenia:
Airports13 (2006)
Airports with paved runwaystotal: 11
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2006)
Airports with unpaved runwaystotal: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
Pipelinesgas 2,002 km (2006)
Railwaystotal: 839 km
broad gauge: 839 km 1.520-m gauge (828 km electrified)
note: some lines are out of service (2006)
Roadwaystotal: 7,633 km
paved: 7,633 km (includes 1,561 km of expressways) (2003)
Military - Armenia:
Military branchesArmed Forces: Ground Forces, Nagorno-Karabakh Self Defense Force (NKSDF), Air Force, Air Defense Force (2006)
Military service age and obligation18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2006)
Manpower available for military servicemales age 18-49: 722,836
females age 18-49: 795,084 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military servicemales age 18-49: 551,938
females age 18-49: 656,493 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annuallymales age 18-49: 31,774
females age 18-49: 31,182 (2005 est.)
Refugees and internally displaced personsrefugees (country of origin): 219,324 (Azerbaijan)
IDPs: 8,400 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, majority have returned home since 1994 ceasefire) (2006)
Military expenditures percent of gdp6.5% (FY01)
Trafficking in personscurrent situation: Armenia is a major source and, to a lesser extent, a transit and destination country for women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation largely to the UAE and Turkey; traffickers, many of them women, route victims directly into Dubai or through Moscow; profits derived from the trafficking of Armenian victims reportedly have increased
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Armenia has failed to show evidence of increasing efforts, particularly in the areas of enforcement, trafficking-related corruption, and victim protection
Disputes internationalArmenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; Armenians continue to emigrate, primarily to Russia, seeking employment
This page was last updated on 16 September, 2007
Source: CIA >>>


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